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Lecturer: Prof. Benny Sudakov
Thursday 13:00-15:00, HG F 3
Assistant: Dániel Korándi
Tuesday 11:00-12:00, CAB G 52
Course Description:
Combinatorics is a fundamental mathematical discipline as well as an essential component of many mathematical areas, and its study has experienced an impressive growth in recent years. While in the past many of the basic combinatorial results were obtained mainly by ingenuity and detailed reasoning, the modern theory has grown out of this early stage and often relies on deep, well-developed tools.
One of the main general techniques that played a crucial role in the development of Combinatorics was the application of algebraic methods. The most fruitful such tool is the dimension argument. Roughly speaking, the method can be described as follows. In order to bound the cardinality of a discrete structure A, one maps its elements to vectors in a linear space, and shows that the set A is mapped to linearly independent vectors. It then follows that the cardinality of A is bounded by the dimension of the corresponding linear space. This simple idea is surprisingly powerful and has many famous applications.
This course provides a gentle introduction to Algebraic methods, illustrated by examples and focusing on basic ideas and connections to other areas. The topics covered in the class will include (but are not limited to):
Basic dimension arguments, Spaces of polynomials and tensor product methods, Eigenvalues of graphs and their application, the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz and the Chevalley-Warning theorem. Applications such as: Solution of the Kakeya problem in finite fields, counterexample to Borsuk's conjecture, chromatic number of the unit distance graph of the Euclidean space, explicit constructions of Ramsey graphs, and many others.
Assignments:
Course Syllabus:
We will cover the following topics this semester. This outline may be updated as the term progresses.
Introduction |
Rules and Clubs Lindström's theorem Joints Points in the Euclidean space with only two distances Kakeya problem in finite fields Consistent edge-colorings of the complete graph Number of lines determined by non-collinear points in the plane Non-uniform Fisher's inequality |
Set systems with restricted intersections: |
Ray-Chaudhuri–Wilson theorem Frankl–Wilson theorem |
Applications of intersection theorems |
Explicit constructions of Ramsey graphs Chromatic number of the unit distance graph of the Euclidean space Counterexample to Borsuk's conjecture |
Convexity |
Radon lemma and Helly's theorem Existence of Centerpoint Colorful Carathéodory theorem Tverberg's theorem |
Eigenvalues |
definition, simple properties, computation for few basic families of graphs Applications: Decomposition of K_10 into Petersen's graphs Variational definition of eigenvalues and applications to interlacing, bounding independence number, chromatic number, max cut Expansion and spectral gap Bounding matrix ranks and Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma |
Chevalley–Warning theorem and its applications |
3-regular subgraphs of 4-regular graphs Davenport constants of abelian groups Blocking sets in affine hyperplanes Zero sum sets and the Erdős–Ginzburg–Ziv lemma |
Combinatorial Nullstellensatz, Bounds on the size of the sum of two subsets in Z_p |
Cauchy–Davenport theorem and Erdős–Heilbronn conjecture Covering cubes by hyperplanes List chromatic number, applications of the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz to graph colorings |
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